北京环境辐射水平现状与分布

在北京市按网格布点调研了环境辐射水平。北京原野γ辐射及宇宙射线室外剂量率按网点加权均值分别为５６．２及３２．３ｎＧｙ·ｈ＾－１,全市土壤中＾２３８Ｕ,＾２３２Ｔｈ,＾２２６Ｒａ,＾４０Ｋ及＾１３７Ｃｓ含量按面积加权均值分别为１９．４,３４．１,２１．４,６２２及８．３Ｂｑ·ｋｇ＾－１,各类水体水中Ｕ,Ｔｈ及＾２６Ｒａ,＾４０Ｋ浓度范围分别是０．１２－８．９４,０．０２－０．６６μｇ·Ｌ＾－１及６．     

5种取代酚化合物对淡水发光菌的联合毒性

以新型淡水发光菌——青海弧菌Q67(Vibrio-qinghaiensissp.—Q67)为检验生物,以VeritasTM微孔板光度计为发光强度测试设备,分别测定了3,5-二羟基甲苯、2,3-二甲基苯酚、对氯苯酚、邻氯苯酚、2,4-二氯苯酚对淡水发光菌的发光抑制毒性及其混合物的联合毒性.结果表明,5种取代酚的剂量-效应关系都可用Weibull模型有效描述,从这些模型估算的半数效应浓度负对数值(-logEC50)分别为2.69、3.08、3.43、2.81和3.66,可知其对发光菌的毒性大小顺序为:2,4-二氯苯酚>对氯苯酚>2,3-二甲基苯酚>邻氯苯酚>3,5-二羟基甲苯.分别设计浓度等于各自之EC50和EC10的2个等效应浓度比混合物以及3个不同效应浓度比混合物进行联合毒性实验,结果发现,在所实验的浓度范围内各个混合物的剂量加和(DA)模型与独立作用(IA)模型具有相似的作用规律,其联合毒性既可用DA模型也可用IA模型进行预测.     

多组分苯胺类混合物对发光菌的抑制毒性

以淡水发光菌——青海弧菌(Q67)为指示生物,96微孔板为实验反应载体,微板光度计为发光强度测试设备,测定了苯胺、邻甲基苯胺、对甲基苯胺、邻硝基苯胺、对硝基苯胺及其混合物对发光菌的发光抑制毒性,应用非线性最小二乘拟合技术与剂量加和(DA)及独立作用(IA)原理研究了混合物的毒性规律.1)分别测定每种化合物的剂量-效应数据并进行非线性拟合.结果表明,5种苯胺类化合物的剂量-效应曲线(DRC)均可用Logit与Weibull函数有效表征,从这些模型估算的半数效应浓度负对数值(-logEC50)分别为2.11、2.35、2.49、3.60和3.88(EC50单位:mol·L-1),可知其对发光菌的毒性大小顺序为:苯胺<邻甲基苯胺<对甲基苯胺<邻硝基苯胺<对硝基苯胺.2)根据组分EC50、EC10和EC1设计3个等效应浓度比混合物进行混合物毒性实验,并对混合物剂量-效应数据进行非线性拟合得到混合物DRC.结果表明,混合物DRC可用Box-Cox-Logit与Box-Cox-Weibull函数有效表征.3)根据单一化合物DRC模型,分别应用剂量加和(DA)与独立作用(IA)模型对混合物DRC进行预测.结果表明,无论考察混合浓度比例还是效应水平,剂量加和模型都能准确预测苯胺类混合物的毒性,而独立作用模型倾向于高估混合物毒性.     

室内尘埃中铅的赋存形态与儿童血铅的相关性研究

有关室内尘埃中铅的赋存形态与儿童血铅的相关性研究尚未见报道。在对某地儿童血铅进行调查期间,发现当地儿童血铅浓度与室内尘埃中铅的水溶态、离子交换态、腐殖酸结合态、铁锰氧化态、强有机结合态和残渣态呈正相关,但不显著,无统计学意义。但与总铅浓度呈显著正相关(R=0.447,P=0.032),与铅的碳酸盐结合态呈高显著相关(R=0.537,P=0.008)。在此基础上,将儿童血铅分别与尘埃中铅暴露量、摄入量和潜在剂量进行相关分析,结果表明,儿童血铅与室内尘总铅摄入量和总铅潜在剂量正相关但无统计意义,与尘总铅暴露量显著相关(R=0.431,P=0.040),与碳酸盐态的暴露量(R=0.537,P=0.008)、摄入量(R=0.538,P=0.008)和潜在剂量(R=0.540,P=0.008)高度显著相关。提示在土壤和尘埃中铅的碳酸盐态含量较高的地区,碳酸盐态铅可能是造成儿童血铅超标的主要原因。     

Natural radioactivity levels in topsoil from the Pearl River Delta Zone, Guangdong, China

Concentrations of the natural radionuclides ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K have been measured by γ-ray spectrometry in 796 topsoil samples from the Pearl River Delta Zone (PRDZ) of Guangdong, China. The mean concentrations for ²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K were found to be 140 ± 37 Bq kg⁻¹, 134 ± 41 Bq kg⁻¹, 187 ± 80 Bq kg⁻¹ and 680 ± 203 Bq kg⁻¹ dry mass, respectively. These values were all higher than the mean values in soil for China and the world. Outdoor air-absorbed dose rates, calculated from activity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K, ranged from 86 to 237 nGy h⁻¹, with a mean value of 165 ± 46 nGy h⁻¹. The corresponding annual outdoor effective dose rate per person was estimated to be between 0.11 and 0.29 mSv y⁻¹, with a mean value of 0.20 ± 0.06 mSv y⁻¹, which was also higher than the world mean value of 0.07 mSv y⁻¹. The radium equivalent activity (Ra_eq) and the external hazard index (I_r) resulted from the natural radionuclides in soil, were also calculated and found to vary from 230 to 676 Bq kg⁻¹ and from 0.6 to 1.8, respectively. The Ra_eq and the I_r in all the investigated regions were up to 75% higher than the set limits of 370 Bq kg⁻¹ and 1.0, respectively.     

西藏地区原野天然γ辐射水平分析

统计分析了2007—2012年的西藏原野天然γ辐射水平监测数据,与原国家环境保护局1989年开展的西藏自治区环境天然放射性水平调查研究的数据进行比较表明,2008—2012年环境连续γ辐射剂量率年均值范围为186.5~190.9 nGy/h,未见异常升高,在正常波动范围内;原野γ辐射剂量率平均值为97.9~134.0 nGy/h,测值范围为51.6~197.7 nGy/h,保持稳定状态;宇宙射线所致居民年辐射剂量为1.29 mSv/a,为内地的5倍左右,但仍属于正常水平。     

成都市地表灰尘重金属污染分布特征及健康风险评价

对成都市中心城区娱乐区、居民区、商业区和城市广场等日常活动区域代表点的地表灰尘中的重金属进行监测,分析其污染分布特征,并应用美国EPA人体暴露风险评价方法对地表灰尘进行了健康风险评价。结果表明,研究区域地表灰尘重金属污染较为严重,Pb、Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr、Cd的平均含量分别为成都市土壤背景值的1.18~77.57倍,其中Cd的富集因子大于10,污染极强且富集在颗粒物中。暴露模型计算表明,重金属慢性每日平均暴露量为手-口摄入量皮肤吸收量吸入空气量,经手-口接触行为是人体地表灰尘暴露风险的主要途径。儿童重金属非致癌风险CrPbCdCuZnNi,成人重金属非致癌风险PbCrCdCuZnNi,且均小于非致癌风险阈值1,不会对城市人群造成明显伤害。重金属致癌风险CrCdNi,均低于致癌风险阈值,表明不具有致癌风险,但潜在生态危害值得重视。     

Derivation of hazardous doses for amphibians acutely exposed to ionising radiation

Derivation of effect benchmark values for each taxonomic group, which has been difficult due to lack of experimental effects data, is required for more adequate protection of the environment from ionising radiation. Estimation of effects doses from nuclear DNA mass and subsequent species sensitivity distribution (SSD) analysis were proposed as a method for such a derivation in acute irradiation situations for assumed nuclear accident scenarios. As a case study, 5% hazardous doses (HD₅s), at which only 5% of species are acutely affected at 50% or higher lethality, were estimated on a global scale. After nuclear DNA mass data were obtained from a database, 50% lethal doses (LD₅₀s) for 4.8 and 36% of the global Anura and Caudata species, respectively, were estimated by correlative equations between nuclear DNA mass and LD₅₀s. Differences between estimated and experimental LD₅₀s were within a factor of three. The HD₅s obtained by the SSD analysis of these estimated LD₅₀s data were 5.0 and 3.1 Gy for Anura and Caudata, respectively. This approach was also applied to the derivation of regional HD₅s. The respective HD₅s were 6.5 and 3.2 Gy for Anura and Caudata inhabiting Japan. This HD₅ value for the Japanese Anura was significantly higher than the global value, while Caudata had no significant difference in global and Japanese HD₅s. These results suggest that this approach is also useful for derivation of regional benchmark values, some of which are likely different from the global values.